Article Withdrawal

An article may be withdrawn by either the Publisher or the author(s) at any stage before its final online publication. This includes instances where the article has not yet been assigned complete publication details (volume, issue, page numbers, ISSN, or article ID).

• Author-Initiated Withdrawal:
  If an author requests withdrawal, they must submit a signed letter to the Editor-in-Chief via email (khirikire@gmail.com) before the article is officially published.
• Publisher-Initiated Withdrawal:
  The Publisher may withdraw an article if it violates ethical publishing standards, including:
  • Duplicate publication
  • Plagiarism
  • Fraudulent or manipulated data
  • Multiple submissions
  • False authorship claims

In both cases, the article PDF will be removed, and a withdrawal notice will be displayed in its place.

Retraction Policy

Retractions may be issued when an article’s conclusions are found to be based on flawed logic, computational errors, or newly available contradictory evidence. They may also occur in cases of fabricated or falsified data, plagiarism, or duplicate publication. The decision to retract is made by the Editor after careful review and consultation with the authors and reviewers. Authors must submit a signed statement agreeing to the retraction; if consensus cannot be reached among all co-authors, the Editor may proceed with the retraction while clearly indicating any dissenting authors. When published, the retraction notice will link to the original article, which will remain online with its bibliographic information intact but will display a retraction notice in place of the full text. The PDF version will be preserved but marked as “Retracted” to maintain academic record integrity. In cases where only portions of an article require retraction, the notice will be labeled as “Partial Retraction” or “Retraction in Part.”

Article Removal Policy

In exceptional cases, articles may be removed from publication when serious legal, ethical, or public safety concerns arise. This includes situations where content may violate copyright laws, contain defamatory material, pose significant health risks if implemented, or face legal restrictions such as court-ordered removal. When an article is removed, all associated content including the full text and PDF will be permanently deleted from our systems. In its place, a notice will be published to inform readers of the removal and provide a brief explanation, ensuring transparency while upholding our commitment to ethical publishing standards.

Article Replacement Policy

If an article contains erroneous or misleading data that could endanger public health, the authors may request its retraction and replacement with a corrected version. In such cases, the original article will be formally retracted following standard procedures. However, unlike a standard retraction, both the retraction notice and the retracted article (PDF format) will include a prominent link to the updated, republished version. This ensures readers have access to the accurate information while maintaining transparency about the correction.